Ingeniería de aplicación
El mapa de materiales del BIW
Una carrocería en blanco no se fabrica con un solo acero. Se compone de distintos niveles de resistencia: paneles de puerta, capó, pilares A/B y soportes de asiento usan cada uno un material diferente. Abajo se indica de qué suele estar hecha cada pieza y a qué grado corresponde.
1. Familias de materiales por banda de resistencia
Doce familias cubren casi todas las piezas estampadas de una carrocería moderna.
| Familia | Grados típicos | Límite elástico (MPa) | Tracción (MPa) | Alarg. A80 (%) | Uso típico |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild steel (MS) | CR1–CR5 · DC01–DC06 · SPCC–SPCG | 140–280 | 270–410 | 28–44 | Body panels, floor, inner panels — best formability, lowest cost |
| Interstitial-free (IF) | CR180IF – CR240IF | 180–240 | 320–400 | 31–35 | Deep-drawn outer panels with no ageing |
| Bake-hardening (BH) | CR180BH – CR270BH | 180–270 | 290–460 | 27–34 | Door outer, roof — dent resistance rises after paint bake |
| HSLA | CR340LA – CR550LA · HX260LAD – HX500LAD | 260–550 | 350–690 | 13–26 | Longitudinal rails, cross members, reinforcements |
| Dual phase (DP) | CR290Y490T-DP – CR700Y980T-DP | 290–700 | 490–980 | 10–24 | Crash members, B-pillar, bumper beams |
| Complex phase (CP) | CR570Y780T-CP – CR900Y1180T-CP | 570–900 | 780–1180 | 8–14 | B-pillar, rocker, intrusion beams |
| TRIP | CR400Y690T-TR · CR450Y780T-TR | 400–450 | 690–780 | 20–26 | Complex-formed structural parts with high energy absorption |
| Martensitic (MS) | CR860Y1100T-MS – CR1350Y1700T-MS | 860–1350 | 1100–1700 | 5–8 | Door beams, bumper reinforcement |
| Press-hardened (PHS) | 22MnB5 (hot stamped) | 1000–1200 | 1500–2000 | 5–8 | A/B-pillar, rocker, bumper beam — Al-Si coated |
| Aluminium | 5182 · 6016-T4 · 6082-T6 | 100–280 | 200–350 | 10–25 | Hood, fender, bumper beam, battery housing |
| Magnesium | AZ31 · AZ91 | — | — | — | Instrument-panel beam, steering-wheel armature |
| Composites | SMC · GMT · CFRP | — | — | — | Closures and structural inserts in low-volume programmes |
2. Mapa de materiales pieza por pieza
Agrupadas por zona de carrocería. Los rangos de grados son los que habitualmente cotizan los estampadores de primer nivel; el valor contractual siempre procede de la norma de material del fabricante.
| Zona | Pieza | Función | Familia de material | Grados típicos |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front structure | ||||
| Front structure | Front bumper beam | Low-speed energy absorption | PHS / DP / Al | 22MnB5 · DP780 · 6082-T6 |
| Front structure | Front crash box | Crush energy absorption | PHS / Al | 22MnB5 · 6082-T6 |
| Front structure | Front longitudinal rail | Frontal crash load path | DP / HSLA | DP590 · DP780 · CR420LA |
| Front structure | Front rail reinforcement | Local reinforcement | PHS | 22MnB5 |
| Front structure | Upper radiator cross member | Front-end frame | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Front structure | Lower radiator cross member | Front-end frame | HSLA | CR340LA · CR420LA |
| Front structure | Shock tower | Suspension mounting | DP / Al | DP590 · 6082-T6 |
| Front structure | Front wheel house | Wheel arch enclosure | Mild / HSLA | DC03 · CR340LA |
| Front structure | Dash panel (firewall) | Cabin separation | Mild / HSLA | DC04 · CR340LA |
| Front structure | Dash lower panel | Firewall reinforcement | HSLA | CR340LA · CR420LA |
| Front structure | Front floor | Cabin load bearing | Mild | DC03 · DC04 · DC05 |
| Front structure | Front splash shield | Mud and water shield | Mild | DC03 |
| Centre structure | ||||
| Centre structure | A-pillar outer | Side impact and roof crush | PHS | 22MnB5 |
| Centre structure | A-pillar inner / reinforcement | A-pillar reinforcement | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP780 |
| Centre structure | Roof rail | Upper longitudinal load path | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP780 |
| Centre structure | B-pillar outer | Side-impact core | PHS | 22MnB5 (1500 / 2000 grade) |
| Centre structure | B-pillar inner / reinforcement | B-pillar reinforcement | PHS / CP | 22MnB5 · CR780Y980T-CP |
| Centre structure | C-pillar | Rear structure, rear impact | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP780 |
| Centre structure | Rocker outer (sill) | Side impact, battery protection | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP780 · DP980 |
| Centre structure | Rocker inner / reinforcement | Sill reinforcement | PHS / CP | 22MnB5 · CR780Y980T-CP |
| Centre structure | Floor tunnel | Floor longitudinal reinforcement | DP / HSLA | DP590 · CR420LA |
| Centre structure | Front seat cross member | Seat mounting | HSLA / DP | CR420LA · DP590 |
| Centre structure | Rear seat cross member | Seat mounting | HSLA / DP | CR420LA · DP590 |
| Centre structure | Floor panel | Cabin load bearing | Mild | DC03 · DC04 · DC05 |
| Centre structure | Body side inner | Body structure | Mild / HSLA | DC03 · CR340LA |
| Centre structure | Body side outer | Exterior panel | Mild / IF | DC05 · DC06 · CR210IF |
| Centre structure | Roof panel | Exterior panel | Mild / BH | DC05 · DC06 · CR180BH |
| Centre structure | Roof bow | Roof crush, panel support | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Rear structure | ||||
| Rear structure | Rear longitudinal rail | Rear crash load path | DP / HSLA | DP590 · DP780 · CR420LA |
| Rear structure | Rear cross member | Rear structure | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Rear structure | Rear wheel house | Wheel arch enclosure | Mild | DC03 · DC04 |
| Rear structure | Rear floor | Luggage compartment | Mild | DC03 · DC04 |
| Rear structure | Rear panel | Rear closure | Mild | DC03 · DC04 |
| Rear structure | Rear bumper beam | Rear impact | PHS / Al | 22MnB5 · 6082-T6 |
| Rear structure | Spare wheel well | Spare wheel bay | Mild | DC03 · DC04 |
| Doors | ||||
| Doors | Door outer panel | Exterior panel | Mild / IF / BH / Al | DC05 · DC06 · CR180BH · 6016-T4 |
| Doors | Door inner panel | Load bearing, attachments | Mild / HSLA | DC04 · CR340LA |
| Doors | Door intrusion beam | Side-impact protection | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP780 |
| Doors | Hinge reinforcement | Hinge mounting | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP590 |
| Doors | Latch reinforcement | Latch mounting | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP590 |
| Doors | Window guide rail | Glass guidance | HSLA | CR340LA |
| Doors | Door frame | Door structure | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | ||||
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Hood outer | Exterior panel | Mild / Al | DC05 · DC06 · 6016-T4 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Hood inner | Structure, pedestrian protection | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Hood hinge | Closure connection | HSLA | DP590 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Hood latch reinforcement | Latch mounting | HSLA | CR420LA |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Tailgate outer | Exterior panel | Mild / Al | DC05 · DC06 · 6016-T4 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Tailgate inner | Structure, attachments | HSLA / DP | CR340LA · DP590 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Tailgate hinge reinforcement | Hinge mounting | PHS / DP | 22MnB5 · DP590 |
| Hood / tailgate / fender | Front fender | Exterior panel | Mild / Al | DC05 · DC06 · 6016-T4 |
| Chassis & EV | ||||
| Chassis & EV | Front subframe | Chassis mounting | HSLA / Al | DP590 · 6082-T6 |
| Chassis & EV | Rear subframe | Chassis mounting | HSLA / Al | DP590 · 6082-T6 |
| Chassis & EV | Tow hook reinforcement | Towing load | PHS | 22MnB5 |
| Chassis & EV | Jack support | Lifting load | HSLA | CR420LA |
| Chassis & EV | Battery pack lower housing (EV) | Battery load and protection | HSLA / Al | DP780 · 6082-T6 |
| Chassis & EV | Battery pack frame (EV) | Battery protection | PHS / Al | 22MnB5 · 6082-T6 |
| Chassis & EV | Dash insulator | NVH | Mild / composite | DC03 · damping laminate |
| Chassis & EV | Wheel house liner | Protection and NVH | Plastic / mild | PP+EPDM · DC03 |
| Chassis & EV | Front bumper carrier | Bumper support | HSLA / plastic | CR340LA · PP+GF |
| Chassis & EV | Rear bumper carrier | Bumper support | HSLA / plastic | CR340LA · PP+GF |
Orientación de referencia basada en normas públicas (VDA 239-100, EN 10346, EN 10130, JIS G3141/G3135, ASTM A653). Los grados reales los fija la norma de material del fabricante para cada programa; cotizamos según su especificación, no según esta tabla.
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